TY  -  JOUR
AU  -  Ferraguti, Giampiero
AU  -  Fanfarillo, Francesca
AU  -  Nicotera, Simona
AU  -  Terracina, Sergio
AU  -  Moschella, Clementina
AU  -  Mattia, Alessandro
AU  -  David, Maria Chiara
AU  -  Pichini, Simona
AU  -  Coriale, Giovanna
AU  -  Fiorentino, Daniela
AU  -  Ceccanti, Mauro
AU  -  Piccioni, Maria Grazia
AU  -  Tarani, Luigi
AU  -  Fiore, Marco
AU  -  Interdisciplinary Study Groups Sapienza
AU  -  ISS
AU  -  ISTAT
AU  -  AIDEFAD
AU  -  SITAC
AU  -  SIFASD
AU  -  FIMMG-LAZIO
AU  -  SIPPS
AU  -  SIMPESV
AU  -  CIPE
T1  -  Italian Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: detecting alcohol drinking during pregnancy
PY  -  2024
Y1  -  2024-09-01
DO  -  10.1708/4360.43514
JO  -  Rivista di Psichiatria
JA  -  Riv Psichiatr
VL  -  59
IS  -  5
SP  -  241
EP  -  249
PB  -  Il Pensiero Scientifico Editore
SN  -  2038-2502
Y2  -  2026/04/29
UR  -  http://dx.doi.org/10.1708/4360.43514
N2  -  Summary. Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) is an encompassing term used to describe a range of afflictions brought about by the consumption of alcohol during gestation. The detrimental effects primarily manifest in the central nervous system, growth, and distinctive facial features. Given that there are no known treatments for FASD, the meticulous screening for this condition in the earliest stages of pregnancy bears immense significance, ensuring the avoidance of the grievous consequences stemming from exposure to alcohol in utero. Screening measures for FASD encompass the assessment of alcohol biomarkers such as Phosphatidylethanol (PEth) in the maternal bloodstream, Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters (FAEEs) in the meconium, and Ethyl Glucuronide (EtG) in the meconium, maternal urine and hair. In particular, urinary EtG is highly sensitive and could be routinely used in pregnant women for detecting also occasional drinking. Questionnaire evaluations including AUDIT-C, T-ACE, and TWEAK, alongside a detailed Food Diary method to identify alcohol misuse and high-risk pregnancies, are also available. However, these questionnaires might provide an inadequate reflection of alcohol consumption in women due to their inclination to dissemble to comply with prevailing sociocultural expectations. Hence, this comprehensive review advocates for the indispensable integration of alcohol biomarkers detection in the course of pregnancy monitoring, as it constitutes a valuable tool for facilitating FASD screening.
ER  -